Neurofeedback Therapy
Under the direction and consultation of Dr. Harry Bakow.
What is Neurofeedback (NF)? Neurofeedback (NF) is biofeedback for the brain. Using specialized, non-invasive equipment, a client’s brain activity is measured, and the pattern of brain waves is displayed on a monitor. This allows the individual to “see” how his or her brain functions. Each time the brain receives information, the pattern changes. By viewing this on the monitor, the client can see how what he does or thinks affects his brain wave pattern.
Some brain wave patterns indicate that the brain is functioning well, while others show that functioning is not optimal. NF training allows a client to view his brain wave patterns and to change those that are not practical through various techniques. Visual images and sounds reward improvements in brain function and are used to “shape” the brain’s behavior. This increases the brain’s ability to self-manage or regulate itself. NF training allows the brain to become more adaptive and ultimately produces a measurable physiological effect that can improve mood, attention, cognitive functioning and behavior, without medication or invasive procedures.
How does the process work? The first step in NF training is a comprehensive assessment. This involves gathering information about the client, including reported symptoms, clinical history and observations of the client’s functioning as reported by parents and others. Over the last 40 years, NF practitioners have worked to develop models that correlate this assessment data with brain function. These models allow clinicians to use the information gathered to determine baselines and then develop an individualized NF protocol to guide the client’s NF training.
Additional information from a Quantitative EEG (Electroencephalogram) (QEEG) may be useful in guiding the training by providing a brain map. A brain map can add information about brain function that sometimes cannot be derived from a traditional assessment. A brain map is not always necessary or cost-effective.
The next step is beginning NF training. NF training uses a brain/computer interface. Sensors (electrodes) are placed over specific sites on the scalp to record the client’s brainwave (EEG) activity. Information (EEG) from the sensors is sent to a computer which analyzes the EEG and provides the client with auditory/and or visual feedback. The auditory/visual feedback tells the client’s brain when it is producing brainwaves consistent with the goals of training.
Using this computerized feedback, the brain learns to increase or decrease certain types of brainwaves, in accordance with the client’s specific NF protocol. Different types of brainwaves are associated with different brain functions. The computer helps the brain to increase the types of brainwaves that have been shown to improve function, while decreasing the types of brainwaves that are thought to hinder performance. By reading the EEG on the computer, the therapist is able to track the client’s progress and make training adjustments as needed. Over time, the result is a healthier and better regulated brain.
What does NF training help?
Common conditions and symptoms that are reported to be clinically responsive to NF:
• ADD/ADHD
• Depression
• Anxiety Disorders
• Anger and Rage
• Learning Disabilities
• PTSD
• Tourette Syndrome
Other uses for NF training:
• Cognitive Impairment (TBI, Stroke)
Neuropsychologists and other therapists report that improvement with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) can occur even many years after the injury. Emotional and behavioral improvements are significant for this group.
• Migraines and Headaches
Therapists and MDs report that the incidence and intensity are often reduced and sometimes eliminated. It appears that the increased brain stability associated with NF training can decrease the brain’s susceptibility to migraines.
• Sleep Dysregulation
One of the first changes clients typically report with NF training is improvement in sleep. Changes often include improvements in insomnia, bruxism (grinding of the teeth), poor sleep quality, difficulty waking and nightmares.
• Peak Performance
Neurofeedback may be used to enhance creative and or athletic performance. For example, the Italian soccer team used neurofeedback prior to winning the gold cup in 2006.
•Autism, PDD and Reactive Attachment
Autism, PDD and RAD are the fastest frowing areas of NF. The calming effects of NF training produce noticeable results in these groups.
• Epilepsy
Multiple peer-reviewed studies show a reduction in seizures that are non-responsive to medication.
How long are these sessions? Typically, appointment times range from 45-60 minutes with the actual NF training lasting approximately 30 minutes.
How many sessions are necessary? The frequency and total amount of sessions each client will need
depends upon the type and severity of symptoms that the client suffers from. A thorough initial assessment will provide a picture from which an initial treatment plan can be developed.
When do you stop training? The goal is to decrease training as symptoms lessen. It is important to reinforce newly learned patterns with practice prior to stopping treatment. Stopping training too soon can lead to relapse of old patterns.
How does neurofeedback work with other interventions, medication, psychotherapy, etc.? NF, psychotherapy and medication work hand-in-hand. Training is used with clients both on and off medication. As the brain stabilizes and becomes better regulated, medication, psychotherapy and other modalities may become more effective. It is not uncommon to see a reduced need for medication as brain regulation increases. Sometimes NF training allows medications that are not working well to work better.